The growth of Israel’s West Bank Jewish population accelerated last year, according to figures released by a pro-settler group on Thursday, despite renewed American pressure to rein in construction on territory that the Palestinians want for a future state.
The figures show that a settlement surge initiated when U.S. President Donald Trump was in office shows no sign of slowing down. Trump provided unprecedented support for Israel’s claims to land seized in war, reversing decades of U.S. policy.
President Joe Biden’s administration has returned to the previous approach, criticizing settlement expansion as an obstacle to resolving the conflict. But Israel has continued to build and expand settlements, and major road projects are expected to bring even more Jews into the territory.
The statistics, compiled by WestBankJewishPopulationStats.com and based on official figures, show the Jewish population grew to 490,493 as of Jan. 30, a nearly 3.2% rise over 13 months. The population has risen by 16.5% since the group began compiling statistics in 2017, it says.
Israel’s overall annual growth rate, by comparison, is around 1.7%. In 2020, the last year of the Trump administration, which also saw repeated coronavirus lockdowns, the Jewish population in the West Bank grew by 2.6%, according to the group.
“There’s a tremendous amount of construction going on,” said its CEO, Baruch Gordon, including in his community of Beit El, just outside the West Bank city of Ramallah, where the Palestinian Authority is headquartered.
“Right now there are 350 units going up that will probably be finished within a year, year and a half. So when that hits, that’s going to increase the size of our town by about 25%,” he said.
The Jewish population in the West Bank tends to be younger and more religious, with a higher average birth rate. Many Israelis are drawn to state-subsidized settlements for the quality of life. They resemble suburbs or small towns and offer lower housing prices than Israel’s crowded and increasingly unaffordable cities. The pandemic might have made the settlements even more attractive.
“Just like in America, people moved out of Manhattan and went to suburbs and found that they could live in more open spaces, and the same is happening in Israel,” Gordon said.
His figures do not include East Jerusalem, which Israel annexed in a move not recognized internationally, and which is now home to more than 200,000 Jews. The West Bank and East Jerusalem are together home to some 3 million Palestinians.
Israel captured both territories from Jordan, along with Gaza, in the 1967 Six-Day War. The Palestinians view the growth of settlements as the main obstacle to peace because they cut off Palestinian communities from their land and from one another, and make it nearly impossible to create a viable state. Settlements have expanded under every Israeli government, even at the height of the peace process in the 1990s.
There have been no serious peace negotiations in over a decade, and Israel’s current prime minister, Naftali Bennett, is a former West Bank settlement leader opposed to Palestinian statehood. Israel’s political system is dominated by pro-settler parties that view the West Bank as the biblical and historical heartland of the Jewish people.
The international community still considers a two-state solution to be the only realistic way of resolving the century-old conflict, but it has provided no incentive for Israel to end its presence in the territory — now well into its sixth decade.
Hagit Ofran, an expert at the anti-settlement monitor Peace Now, says the population figures are an imprecise measure of growth, as they reflect the higher birth rate and people moving into homes built after years of planning and approvals.
She says that while U.S. pressure appears to have succeeded in pausing some of the most controversial settlement projects, the overall enterprise is proceeding in the same way it always has, with several projects gradually advancing and new homes and roads being built.
“The Americans, as far as I know, are trying to stop it and have had very limited success,” she said.
The seemingly permanent military presence has led three well-known human rights groups to conclude that Israel is committing the international crime of apartheid by systematically denying Palestinians equal rights. Israel rejects those accusations as an attack on its very existence as a Jewish-majority state.
The increasingly authoritarian and unpopular Palestinian Authority, established through agreements with Israel in the 1990s, administers parts of the West Bank, while the Islamic militant group Hamas controls Gaza, from which Israel withdrew troops and Jewish civilians in 2005.
Israel’s current government, which relies on the support of parties from across the political spectrum, has vowed to preserve the status quo, with neither a settlement freeze nor any formal annexation. It has also taken some steps to improve economic conditions for Palestinians.
But Ofran says that in practice, pro-settler ministers and other officials do as they please, and the government does damage control when it is called out.
“The foreign minister gets phone calls from the Americans, or whatever, and suddenly the government needs to do something about it,” she said.