Recent reports of unusual respiratory illnesses in China have raised alarm worldwide. Hospitals in China are reportedly overwhelmed, with an increase in deaths fueling speculation on social media about a new virus outbreak. However, Chinese and international health authorities have clarified that the cases involve seasonal illnesses caused by known viruses, not novel or hazardous pathogens.
Among the viruses contributing to the surge is human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a lesser-known respiratory virus that has drawn significant global attention.
What is HMPV?
HMPV, or human metapneumovirus, was first identified in the Netherlands in 2001. Similar to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), HMPV primarily affects young children and the elderly.
“It’s a seasonal virus that causes symptoms similar to colds and flu, including coughing, nasal congestion, fatigue, and sometimes fever,” explains Professor Mical Paul, head of the Infectious Diseases Institute at Rambam Health Care Campus. “Most cases are mild and don’t require significant medical intervention. However, in severe cases – mainly among infants, the elderly, or those with weakened immune systems or chronic respiratory diseases like asthma or COPD – it can lead to complications such as pneumonia and hospitalization, though such instances are relatively rare compared to viruses like COVID-19 and RSV.”
Is HMPV a new virus?
Despite its relatively low public profile, HMPV is neither new nor uncommon.
“It’s a well-known respiratory virus that appears as part of the regular winter illness season,” says Paul. “While it’s a global pathogen, it remains less recognized because it often causes mild illness that doesn’t require hospitalization. Its prevalence is lower than that of viruses like influenza, so it hasn’t been deemed a major epidemiological concern.”
Prof. Mical PaulPhoto: Rambam Medical CenterHow does HMPV spread?
HMPV spreads similarly to other respiratory viruses, including influenza and COVID-19. “Transmission occurs through droplets from coughing or sneezing, direct contact with infected individuals, or exposure to contaminated surfaces,” explains Professor Avi Peretz, head of the Infectious Diseases and Immunology Center at the Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University.
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The virus primarily infects the upper respiratory tract and mucous membranes, rarely reaching the lower respiratory tract. This characteristic generally makes it less dangerous in most cases, Paul adds.
Diagnosis is typically performed using nasal or throat swabs, with PCR testing available in hospitals for molecular confirmation.
Prof. Avi PeretzPhoto: Baruch Padeh Medical CenterIs there a vaccine or treatment?
Currently, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for HMPV. Management focuses on symptom relief: rest, hydration and over-the-counter medications to reduce fever or ease breathing.
Peretz advises receiving the influenza vaccination to lower the risk of dual infections, which could exacerbate symptoms.
Why is HMPV gaining attention?
The rise in HMPV cases is part of a broader increase in winter respiratory illnesses in China, which includes influenza, RSV, COVID-19 and other viruses. Chinese health officials have stated that the severity of cases remains moderate and consistent with seasonal patterns.
However, lingering public distrust of Chinese transparency – stemming from the country’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic – has led to skepticism. The limited data provided to the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding the origins of COVID-19 further compounds these concerns.
“HMPV is being highlighted because of a relative uptick in cases alongside other seasonal illnesses,” explains Paul. “This increase is not unusual or alarming. HMPV is a known virus and not the result of any mutation – it’s simply part of the natural distribution of winter viruses.”
Peretz echoes the need for reliable information. “It’s hard to ascertain the full picture in China, but current reports suggest this is a typical seasonal surge,” he says.
HMPV in Israel
In countries with robust health care systems, HMPV usually causes mild, non-life-threatening cases. However, in regions with weaker health care infrastructures, the virus can be more severe.
In Israel, there have been no reported surges in HMPV cases this winter. However, hospitals are under significant strain due to increased cases of influenza and COVID-19. Internal medicine wards are operating at over 100% capacity, and emergency room wait times have grown significantly.
“Israel doesn’t have a dedicated surveillance network for HMPV because its public health impact is relatively limited compared to other viruses,” explains Paul. Nonetheless, she recommends basic precautions: good hygiene, frequent handwashing, wearing masks in crowded areas, staying home when sick and seeking medical attention for high fever or severe respiratory distress.
Peretz believes Israel is well-prepared to handle seasonal respiratory illnesses, having learned from the challenges posed by COVID-19.
“We know this illness well, and it appears every winter. It primarily affects high-risk populations, but most cases are mild and not dangerous to the general public. There’s no need for panic – just vigilance and continued monitoring,” he concludes.