Winter brings not only rain and wind but also a host of seasonal illnesses with symptoms that can overlap and confuse even the most attentive observer. Runny noses, coughs, sore throats and occasionally fevers can signify a common cold, the flu, RSV or even COVID-19.
According to the latest update from the Ministry of Health’s Public Health Division, flu-like illnesses and RSV infections remain prevalent, with a slight stabilization in COVID-19 cases after a marginal increase. These illnesses are driving a surge in hospital admissions, with some internal medicine wards exceeding 100% capacity, leading to significant strain on emergency rooms.
So how can we distinguish between these illnesses? Dr. Doron Dushnitzki, a pediatric specialist at Leumit Health Services and chair of the Israeli Association of Pediatric Community Medicine, explains that differentiating illnesses based solely on symptoms is challenging and sometimes overly ambitious. “There’s no clear line separating these conditions, making self-diagnosis difficult,” he says.
He recommends consulting updates from the Ministry of Health or public health authorities, which can help identify trends and point toward the likely cause of symptoms.
What is the common cold?
The common cold, often referred to as a “cold,” is one of the most widespread illnesses during winter. Rhinoviruses usually cause it and manifests as watery nasal discharge, nasal congestion, a mild sore throat, and sometimes a cough. Fever, if present, is low-grade, and overall discomfort is mild.
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Dr. Neta Alon-Saliv, a family medicine specialist and director at Clalit Health Services in Jerusalem, notes, “Colds are common, particularly in winter. They often present with clear nasal discharge and occasionally watery eyes. While colds are typically isolated, they may occasionally accompany other symptoms like sore throat, fever, headaches, or general weakness. In such cases, it’s worth investigating whether another illness or a more complex medical issue is at play.”
Dr. Neta Alon-SalivPhoto: ClalitColds usually resolve within a few days without specific treatment. Management focuses on alleviating symptoms through hydration, rest, and the use of nasal drops or humidifiers. “It’s crucial to avoid close contact with others to minimize virus spread,” adds Dr. Saliv.
Flu vs. common cold
Unlike the common cold, the flu—caused by influenza viruses—is a more severe illness. It is characterized by a sudden onset of high fever, extreme fatigue, muscle and joint pain, and often a dry cough and sore throat.
Flu can lead to complications such as pneumonia, particularly in older adults, young children, individuals with chronic illnesses, pregnant women, and postpartum mothers. Dr. Saliv advises considering the flu when symptoms include high fever, severe aches, and debilitating fatigue. “Flu is not just a mild cold—it’s a serious illness that can incapacitate a person for a week to ten days,” she says. “Complications such as bronchitis or pneumonia are common, especially in high-risk populations.”
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent the flu and its complications. “Vaccination not only protects the individual but also reduces community transmission, safeguarding those with weaker immune systems,” says Dr. Saliv. Despite this, only 29.9% of the population in Israel has been vaccinated against the flu this year, far below the target for reducing illness rates.
She emphasizes the importance of flu vaccinations for pregnant women, noting that immunized mothers pass protection to their unborn children. “Since babies under six months cannot be vaccinated, maternal vaccination is their only shield. Additionally, siblings should be vaccinated to reduce the risk of infecting the baby at home.”
Understanding RSV
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common respiratory virus, particularly among infants and young children. While adults typically experience mild symptoms similar to a cold, RSV can cause breathing difficulties, wheezing, and severe coughing in babies.
In young children, warning signs include labored breathing, decreased appetite, or signs of dehydration. Dr. Saliv explains that treatment for RSV primarily focuses on symptom relief. “In severe cases, or when complications are suspected, doctors may conduct diagnostic tests to tailor treatment more effectively.”
Recently, RSV infections have declined after a significant wave of cases, but influenza infections are now on the rise, requiring heightened vigilance, particularly in at-risk groups.
COVID-19: Still present
COVID-19 remains a part of daily life, presenting symptoms such as fever, dry cough, fatigue, and, occasionally, loss of taste or smell. These symptoms can mimic those of the flu or a cold, making it essential to monitor your overall condition and take a rapid test if in doubt.
“Rapid test kits available in pharmacies allow for self-diagnosis of various viral illnesses and are considered relatively sensitive and reliable,” says Dr. Dushnitzki.
From a public health perspective, identifying the specific virus often holds less practical importance than tracking overall trends in illness. “Most viral illnesses are managed with supportive care, focusing on monitoring the patient’s condition to ensure it doesn’t worsen,” he says.
However, when specific treatments are available for a virus, an accurate diagnosis becomes critical. For instance, during a widespread flu outbreak, doctors may start empirical treatment with antiviral medication without waiting for a confirmed diagnosis.
Regarding COVID-19, Dr. Dushnitzki notes that the virus currently behaves more like a generic viral illness. “Though variants continue to evolve, symptoms often resemble those of other common viruses. For high-risk individuals, targeted antiviral treatment may be recommended, while others typically focus on symptom relief and general recovery.”
By staying informed and vigilant, individuals can better navigate the complexities of seasonal illnesses and seek appropriate care when needed.