Israel has been bracing for possible retaliation from Iran after the assassination of Tehran's close ally, Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh, in the Iranian capital last week.
Here is a look at both countries' air forces and aerial defense systems:
IRAN
The Iranian air force has 37,000 personnel, but decades of international sanctions have largely cut the country off from the latest high-tech military equipment, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London (IISS).
The air force only has a few dozen working strike aircraft, including Russian jets and ageing U.S. models acquired before the Iranian revolution of 1979.
Tehran has a squadron of nine F-4 and F-5 fighter jets, one squadron of Russian-made Sukhoi-24 jets, and some MiG-29s, F7 and F14 aircraft, IISS said.
The Iranians also have pilotless planes designed to fly into targets and explode. Analysts estimate its drone arsenal to be in the low thousands. In addition, they say, Iran has more than 3,500 surface-to-surface missiles, some of which carry half-ton warheads. The number capable of reaching Israel may be lower, however.
Iran's air force commander said in April the Sukhoi-24s, were in their "best state of preparedness" to counter any potential Israeli attack.
But Iran's dependence on Sukhoi-24s jets, first developed in the 1960s, shows the relative weakness of its air force.
For defense, Iran relies on a mixture of Russian and domestically produced surface-to-air missile and air defense systems.
Tehran received deliveries of the S-300 anti-aircraft system from Russia in 2016, which are long-range surface-to-air missile systems capable of engaging multiple targets simultaneously, including aircraft and ballistic missiles.
Iran also has the domestically produced Bavar-373 surface-to-air missile platform, as well as the Sayyad and Raad defense systems.
ISRAEL
Israel has an advanced, U.S.-supplied air force with hundreds of F-15, F-16 and F-35 multipurpose jet fighters. These played a role in shooting down Iranian drones in April when the Islamic Republic launched explosive drones and fired missiles at Israel in its first direct attack on Israeli territory.
The air force lacks long-range bombers, though a smaller fleet of repurposed Boeing 707s serve as refueling tankers that could enable its fighters to reach Iran for pinpoint sorties.
The Israeli Air Force demonstrated its ability to hit long range targets in July when its fighter jets struck targets near Yemen's Hodeidah port in retaliation for a Houthi drone strike in Tel Aviv.
A pioneer in drone technology, Israel has Heron pilotless planes capable of flying for more than 30 hours, enough for far-flung operations. Its Delilah loitering munition has an estimated range of 250 km (155 miles) - far short of the Gulf, though the air force could close the gap by delivering one of the munitions closer to Iran's border.
Israel is widely believed to have developed long-range surface-to-surface missiles, but neither confirms nor denies this.
A multi-layer aerial defense system developed with U.S. help after the 1991 Gulf war provides Israel with several additional options for shooting down long-range Iranian drones and missiles.
The highest-altitude system is Arrow-3, which intercepts ballistic missiles in space. An earlier model, Arrow-2, works at lower altitudes. The mid-range David's Sling counters ballistic missiles and cruise missiles, while the short-range Iron Dome tackles the kind of rockets and mortars used by Iranian-backed militias in Gaza and Lebanon - but can also, in theory, be fired at any more powerful missiles missed by Arrow or David's Sling.
The Israeli systems are designed to be patched into counterpart U.S. interceptors in the region for coalition-strength defenses.